亨利四世：第一部分

On the year of 2008, Olympic Game has been hold by England. For the sake of spreading England unique culture, which will also be beneficial to cross-cultural communication, BBC TV station has directed a series of film called Hollow Crown, which are some adapted works from Shakespeare’s history plays including RichardⅡ, HenryⅣ and HenryⅤ. To be honest, Henry Ⅳ is one of the greatest films I have ever watched.
Henry IV is a story about a king who stole the crown from his cousin, and is tormented by his guilt. Also, it's growing story about his son, a feckless young prince, who is always exposed to some blackguardly ruffians. However, when he suddenly is conscious of his father’s weighty responsibility and his massive burden, the prince, who seems to be cynicism, is forced to grow up and face his destiny. Then, on succeeding to the throne, the new young king takes his country to war, realizing he must assume his responsibility to strengthen national defense and fight against invaders. Eventually he becomes the greatest warrior king in English history.
In deep meaning, it's also an adventurous story of people facing an uncertain future, and of a country searching for a new sense of patriotic identity.
In this film, what deeply impresses me most is not father and son, but friendship and betrayal. In fact, this movie does not put emphasis on the relationship between HenryⅣ and his son HenryⅣ,but do stand out what happens between the young prince Hal and his so-called loyal friend Jack Falstaff. To some extend, the friendship and betrayal is the most dramatic aspect, running through the whole movie.
Jack Falstaff, as the leader of some ruffians, is almost paternal relationship with Hal, the young prince. Generally speaking, Falstaff is too much of a pretty crook, who is a congenital liar, congenital drunk as well as thief. However, Falstaff sets his affection on Hal, and the emotion shed by his eye really convince audiences that they own true friendship, conveying a message that even he is a ragtag, the prince still cherish their relationship.
However, that is totally wrong. Why Shakespeare is a most renowned writer, because everything that is Shakespearean is ambiguous. And in the most ambiguous but dramatically important scenes, Hal's split loyalties between Falstaff and his father of are central to both plays.①
Falstaff brings out the wayward and irresponsible side of Hal. However, the other side of the young prince's personality lies in this prince’s inherent essence. Although Hal seems like a terrible shit and he does some dreadful things, but in his inner world, he is a very upright person, he is also an ambitious and sophisticated politician.
I know you all, and will awhile uphold the unyoked humor of your idleness.
Yet herein will I imitate the sun, who doth permit the base contagious clouds to smother up his beauty from the world.
That, when he please again be himself, being wanted, he may be more wondered at, by breaking through the foul and ugly mists of vapours that did seem to strangle him.③
The words from Hal’s mouth show his ambition, appearing in the beginning of the film, give us a warning.
So how could the writer, Shakespeare copes with this difficult problem? Why Shakespeare is being Shakespeare, because he solves it through a play within a play.
Prof.Jonathan Bate(Worcester College Oxford) claims that:
This fantastic scene, to my mind. Come on, I'll say it the greatest scene Shakespeare ever wrote.
This fantastic scene where they act out Prince Hal returning to court, being interviewed by his father.
It's an amazing piece of theatre, where you have Falstaff and Hal playing the parts of King Henry IV and Hal.②
In this play within play, Hal and Falstaff have an interesting pub game, they need to play the parts of King Henry IV and Hal, imitating a conversation between father and son.
As first, Falstaff play the role of Hal’s father, the present king, in the course of communication, Falstaff doesn't tell Hal to pull his royal socks up. Rather, he instructs the young prince to spend more time with a splendid fellow called Falstaff. Falstaff regards that he is a loyal and true friend around Hal. And sometimes, indeed, he is, at least many audience thinks so, including me.
Then, they change the position, Hal do an impression of his father, and Falstaff plays him. At the beginning, Hal pretends to be his father, being angry to interrogate his son, Falstaff, why he would play with a local ruffian. Later, Hal's perspective begins to change. He claims that his son Hal must banish his fat friend, Falstaff.
Then Falstaff say the most impressive words from his bottom of heart:
Banish plump Jack, and banish all the world.③
The emotion from their eye contacts reveals that they are all touched by these sincere sentences. Especially Hal, he moves to tears, totally smothering his tears from his eyes.
However, the Hal say these words:
I do.③
Again, he supplies another sentences:
I will.③
That is really strange.
When Hal says “I do.”, he is within the context of the play within the play, as the acting the part, in his father’s tone. But then, in that instant pause, and the shift of the verb tense “I will” disclosures that he is speaking not within the play within the play, but as himself.
He is giving Falstaff warning that the moment will come, when he becomes a real king, he need to banish Falstaff.
What happens to Hal, why he needs to say these serious words?
It is believed that if you know the play well, if you love the play and the adapted movie, you cannot watch it with a dry eye.
So at the end of that game, there is a chilling premonition, and that what appears in the ending of this movie.
Gold save the king.③
With these cheerful sentences, Hal is crowned in Westminster Abbey, and eventually becomes the king. Then in the parade, Falstaff deliberately happens to meet his heart, Hal. Falstaff want to claim kinship and let the king give him some advantages. However, the king changes his voice, he is strict with this fat man, saying the follow sentence:
My lord Chief Justice, speak to that vain man
I know thee not, old man. Fall to thy prayers. How ill white hairs become a fool and jester.
I have long dreamed of such a kind of man so surfeit-swelled, so old and so profane. But, being awake, I do despise my dream.
Make less thy body hence and more thy grace, leave gormandizing.
Know the grave doth gape for thee thrice wider than for other men. Reply not to me with a fool-born jest!
Presume not that I am the thing I was.
For God doth know, so shall the world perceive, that I have turned away my former self. So will I those that kept me company When thou dost hear I am as I have been, approach me and thou shalt be as thou wast, the tutor and the feeder of my riots.
Till then I banish thee, on pain of death
As I have done the rest of my misleaders, not to come near our person by ten mile. For competence of live I will allow you, the lack of means enforce you not to evil.
And, as we hear you do reform yourselves, we will, according to your strengths and qualities, give you advancement.④
That’s a very long monologue, but when Hal says these words. It is really powerful and awful. Does he totally forget the time Falstaff around him, like his father to care of him? Does he never remember the happy ages he enjoy his youth, not worrying his duty to take charge of a country?
So why he does that?
Hal is not to do this having a mater plan, he just has an idea of how he wants his life to go, he is aware of his responsibility, who knows the fun will have to end one day.
Therefore, both these acts speak volumes. Hal gets rid of formal himself,
And I think that is the most dramatic aspect of the whole movie. Making you so convincing that Falstaff and Hal is a pair of close friend, but the end reveals that they break down their relationship in this way. So amazing, is not it?
 But the ending has its own premonition and reliable explanation. The most ambiguous part seems not so ambiguous, thanks to our greatest writer, Shakespeare.
Like the so-called “O. Henry-style ending”, disclosure when the movie ends the people of the psychological situation changes unexpectedly, or the fate of the hero suddenly reversed, giving audiences an unexpected result, but also be associated with real life, resulting in a unique artistic charm.


Reference:
①,② From: BBC Documentary: Shakespeare Uncovered_Jeremy Irons on the Henrys.
③ From: The movie: Henry IV
④ From: The Book: Henry IV

没办法，考据癖又发了，其实我还一集都没撸，看剧之前，可以先大致上撸一下The Hollow Crown的时代背景。
就从亨利四世登基的1399年说起。

单就这个孤零零的年份来看，也许天朝人没有什么感受，但就在这一年的前一个年份，也就是1398年，明朝的开国皇帝朱元璋病逝在都城南京应天府，而随即即位的是皇太孙朱允炆，年号建文。

同样是跳过儿子，由孙子即位的理查二世，其人生历程同建文帝颇为相似，都是在拥有强大权力的叔叔们的阴影下，成为了君主；都死于非命；帝位/王位都被叔叔或叔叔的后代篡夺了。

此时，英格兰、法兰西以及后来加入的勃艮第，正处在著名的“百年战争”之中（1337年爱德华三世在位-1453年亨利六世在位）。

爱德华三世是英格兰国王，爱尔兰领主，1327年-1377年在位。由于他的母亲法兰西的伊莎贝拉是法王查理四世的妹妹，爱德华三世以及其后的多代国王都宣称对法兰西王位有继承权；

理查二世的父亲是爱德华三世的长子，黑太子爱德华，如果黑太子没有早亡的话，将是他继承王位成为爱德华四世；

理查二世是黑太子的次子，也是最小的儿子；

爱德华三世有七个儿子（又似乎是八个？数不清，总之好多个），次子是克拉伦斯公爵，安特卫普的莱昂内尔，

第三个儿子，兰开斯特公爵，刚特的约翰，他是亨利四世的父亲，所以理查二世跟亨利四世是正经堂兄弟，是Hal小王子的堂叔父，他在亨利四世当时还是德比伯爵被放逐的时候，收养了Hal；他是都铎王朝的亨利七世的母亲玛格丽特郡主的祖父；

第四个儿子，约克公爵，兰利的埃德蒙，他是阿金库尔战役（1415年）中死掉的约克公爵爱德华的父亲；在爱德华死后，约克公爵的封号被授予了埃德蒙另一个儿子的儿子，也是埃德蒙唯一的孙子理查金雀花；理查金雀花是约克王朝的第一位国王爱德华四世、第三位国王理查三世的父亲；约克王朝的第二位国王爱德华五世是爱德华四世的儿子，是著名的“伦敦塔王子”的其中之一；爱德华四世的长女伊丽莎白公主是都铎王朝的亨利七世的妻子；

第七个儿子，格洛斯特公爵，伍德斯托克的托马斯，在理查二世在位期间，这位叔父一直跟理查二世作对，死后格洛斯特公爵爵位被夺，其子汉弗莱只继承了白金汉伯爵；

亨利四世是兰开斯特王朝的第一位国王，1399年他继承了兰开斯特公爵的爵位，同年登基成为英格兰国王，兰开斯特公爵的爵位被授予亨利四世的长子威尔士亲王、蒙茅斯的亨利（也就是Hal），Hal有个哥哥爱德华，早夭，所以Hal是实际上的长子；

1399年，理查二世被关在伦敦塔，时年32岁；他的堂弟亨利四世与他同岁，时年亦是32岁；Hal小王子12岁；日后打败了阿金库尔战役的法国国王查理六世31岁；

1415年，阿金库尔战役，亨利五世此时刚登基2年，正值28岁大好年华；法王查理六世时年47岁，法国公主图卢瓦的凯瑟琳不知几岁，但鉴于当时欧洲女子婚龄大多较早，公主这时候大概10-15岁；其后的1420年，英法签订《特鲁瓦条约》，法王查理六世放弃其子王太子查理（日后的查理七世）的继承权，以换取英王亨利五世对其王位的承认；王太子查理时年12岁；

根据《特鲁瓦条约》，亨利五世在1420-1422年间，自称“法兰西太子兼摄政王”；

1422-1429年，亨利六世是实际上的法兰西国王；

1429年，夏尔七世（也就是查理六世的王太子查理）在圣女贞德的支持下，在亚眠登基，时年26岁；贞德时年17岁，1431年，19岁的贞德被勃艮第人烧死；

法王查理六世有精神病，这也许是日后英格兰国王亨利六世精神病的由来（可见选老婆定要查清家族病史的重要性）；

法国公主图卢瓦的凯瑟琳在1421年生下了亨利五世唯一的儿子，日后的亨利六世；之后与欧文都铎生了亨利七世的父亲埃德蒙都铎；亨利七世曾说过：我家的先祖通过一系列联姻获得了王位继承权（大意，忘了哪里看到，当时我就斯巴达了），大概指的就是这个；

亨利六世在位期间，爆发了著名的“红白玫瑰战争”，主要就是兰开斯特家族与约克家族之间的争斗（是不是有宫廷大戏的赶脚啊XDDDD），亨利都铎一脚踩着约克家族的船（妻子家族），一脚踩着兰开斯特家族的船（母亲家族），最后夺得了王位；

亨利七世的母亲是兰开斯特公爵、刚特的约翰的孙女，她的父亲是兰开斯特公爵与第三位妻子凯瑟琳·斯温福德所生的儿子索默塞特公爵约翰·博福特，是爱德华三世的曾孙女；

亨利七世的妻子是约克王朝的伊丽莎白公主，爱德华三世的五代孙女；

亨利七世在登基后，用各种理由和手段，逐步除去了其他对王位有威胁的人，致使后来他的孙子爱德华六世因为没有子女又宣布他两个姐姐是私生子后，议会找不到其他继承人，因此最后爱德华六世在临死前还是恢复了玛丽公主和伊丽莎白公主的合法身份；

亨利八世活到成年的三个子女全都登上了英格兰王位；

自爱德华三世去世（1377年），直到伊丽莎白一世去世（1603年），226年间所有英格兰国王/女王都是爱德华三世的血亲后代；

伊丽莎白一世没有子女，她死后英格兰的王位由苏格兰国王詹姆士六世继承，称英格兰和爱尔兰国王詹姆士一世；斯图亚特王朝开始；

王太子的封号虽然有“威尔士亲王”的爵位，但一直到1536年，亨利八世在位期间的《威尔士法案》，才将威尔士并入英格兰；

自1413年亨利五世登基后，兰开斯特公爵的爵位就被并入王室头衔，再也没有单独授予某位王子；

战争场面像俩村打架其实是因为英格兰本身没有多大啊，加上当时英格兰在法兰西的几块飞地（所以亨利五世才能渡海去法兰西的地盘跟人打架），也就一米米的领土；法兰西当时也还没统一，勃艮第什么的都还不是法兰西的；所以我天朝人习惯了两个部落打架都几万十多万的场景，总觉得英格兰法兰西这小猫三两只（英军万余法军两、三万）就号称“有划时代意义的战役”的档次的国战实在不够看啊不够看；

我皇明都有火器营了，英格兰国王还带着农民在泥巴地里打滚，太落后了！

————————
金雀花王朝
——爱德华三世
——（黑太子爱德华，爱德华三世长子）
——理查二世

兰开斯特王朝
——亨利四世
——亨利五世
——亨利六世

约克王朝
——爱德华四世
——爱德华五世（伦敦塔中的王子之一，另一位王子是他的弟弟约克公爵理查）
——理查三世

都铎王朝
——亨利七世
——亨利八世
——爱德华六世
——玛丽一世
——伊莉莎白一世
——————————
延伸阅读
莎士比亚：
四部曲——理查二世，亨利四世上下，亨利五世；
四部曲——亨利六世上中下，理查三世；
亨利八世（合写）

约瑟芬·铁伊：时间的女儿——关于“塔中的王子”非常独特的一篇小说；

权力是颗high翻全场的春药，你我都知道。

其实本文的副标题叫做——偶像的力量。

鉴于心中的巨大疑惑：抖森到底看了什么样的剧本把一个热血的惊奇动画改编电影诠释的如此基情委屈和完美。看之前网评不是NC粉就是ANTI-NC粉，基友说抖森在演技方面还是个小孩子 TAT，这世上还有比这更打击人的评语吗？！

所以为了得到一个相对（自我而言）客观的观影感受，通读了一遍莎翁原作《亨利四世》《亨利五世》的中译版（窝不会告诉你们窝是通宵读完的）然后百度了查理二世、亨四的前后史实。然后看了两遍亨4。现下终于有点底气来写此文。

首先不得不说，莎翁的原著是本彻头彻尾的剧本，只有场景时间和出场人物，对于人物的刻画和情节的推动，完全倚靠对话或者独白。此外就没有更多的关于人物表情声音的描述，这就完全依靠演员对于剧本的理解和导演的要求了。不禁让我想起 穆赫兰道 里面 rita陪betty准备试镜，同样的台词，一次betty表现出的是凶杀情节，而另一次则诠释了爱情场景 。难怪要说一千个人心中有一千个哈姆雷特。

回到此剧，最好看的还当属 哈尔和福斯塔夫在酒馆里那场临时表演 、亨利王与哈尔王座前的对话。 还有福斯塔夫侵占哈尔战果的那一幕。

在酒馆里的闹剧展示了哈尔和福斯塔夫之间的联系。他们或许是酒肉朋友，但演到最后，福斯塔夫动情地说： 千万不要让他离开你的哈利的身边；撵走了肥胖的杰克，就是撵走了整个的世界。 或许福斯塔夫只是需要哈尔这个金主帮他还清所有的欠债，或许他只是怕老来寂寞，但一刻，他的眼中闪烁着的是真实的不舍和情感。 哈尔回答他：I DO, WILL。 不知是否原文如此，但中译本里只有一句“我偏要赶走他。“ 让我想不出哈尔对福斯塔夫抱有怎样的情感。 剧中哈尔目光闪烁，他第一次说，I DO的时候神情还有不舍留恋，哈尔重视这个满口谎言的无赖朋友。但当他再次开口说 I WILL的时候，就明白哈尔已经站在君主的位子上思考这个问题，此刻他是即将要披上荣光的亲王哈利。

插一句题外话，哈尔询问福斯塔夫是否愿意扮演他的父亲，当福斯塔夫答应时，从沉寂中爆发出的欢呼声和抖森那笑裂的表情，如同孩子一般的兴奋，让人也跟着傻笑起来。>w<

题外话2 ： 潘西在殿外大吼，就是魔鬼朝我索要，我也不给。感谢演员此番呈现啊，说实话看书的时候完全没想到潘西是用吼的（这倒也符合他的性格），饱受日式斜阳派颓废风的影响，我看书的时候，还以为那是类似于阴暗的咒骂之类的。吼出来实在太帅了！

而说到哈尔和亨利王在王座前的谈话那一幕。尤其是亨利王听到哈尔改邪归正，主动请缨对决潘西的保证，他嘴角压抑着自己欣喜的笑容。铁叔演足了一个君主、一个父亲对于继位者对于儿子的愤怒、爱以及得知逆子归巢时欣喜又不敢表现地太过明显的冲突。 导演最后没拍亨利王怒战道格拉斯，道氏败走的那一幕啊！铁叔老病残（最后大雾）的比重有点大。对于基友”相比铁叔，总觉得抖森还是个小孩子啊╮(╯▽╰)╭”那残忍的指责我也只能点头称是。ORZ 但一想到哈尔王子也不过是19、20的小伙子，血气方刚，带着理想的荣光里含着那么点幼稚和天真，抖森演得都正好啊！由于缺乏同类舞台剧的对比，知不知道更好更高的呈现是个神马情况，对于抖森的表演还是持肯定为主。

最后说道福斯塔夫佯称是他杀死了潘西那一幕。无论是看剧还是看书，我都在想，哦！这个肥嘟嘟的老骗子，他怎么敢在哈尔面前睁眼说瞎话！感谢演员的精湛演技，看的人牙痒痒，又觉得，福斯塔夫就不是什么正派人物，他从来都是夸大其词、满口谎言，从来都是。（这句式好熟悉……差点要脱口而出brother= =）

不得不吐槽下抖森的台词啊！抖森你到底是怎么念的台词……莫名其妙的违和感总是在重要场景挥之不去（他模仿他父亲的那一长串，殿前宣誓的那一段）基本是台词一长，感觉就有那么些怪怪的（还有开头那段对时间的长台词）

吐槽2： 这战争场面让人扶额……两军加起来将近5万人的事实，不超过100人的现状是在泥巴地里打滚这是什么情况。同样悲剧的战争场面还有权力游戏那场君临保卫战，号称是耗资巨大，结果还是演出了农民起义的窘迫。

吐槽3：原来吾王的小皮衣底下是深V黑色衬衣啊！围脖上有人好奇会不会脱掉皮衣就是直接是吾王的御体，所以，哈尔从酒窖里出来，脱掉皮衣的那一瞬我好失落！_(:з」∠)_

总体而言，抖森的表演还是很有感染力的，他笑裂的时候有些小出戏，但终归他的哈尔王子胡作非为的时候让你笑，韬光养晦的独白让你心动，殿前宣誓和对抗潘西的时候让你觉得严肃和感动。他最后连看都没看福斯塔夫却说着“要是一句谎话可以使你得到荣誉，我是很愿意用最巧妙的字句替你装点门面的。” 你能从他的眼中读到失望和无奈。酒馆里的戏谑，依旧能从他闪动的眼眸中读出，亲王哈利是希望得到来自父王的认同的，哈尔是在乎他的朋友，以及他是多么地明白权利的游戏中必须舍弃。抖森的眼睛太会演戏了！

但不可否认，抖森还是有那么一丢丢图样图森破，他应该能演得更好。感谢上帝给了他恰当美貌，否则接下来我就要忧心他自此走上美少年为求演技纷纷毁容变大叔的不归路啦。

以上。